Justice SAYLOR.
This appeal concerns the application of Pennsylvania's recently revamped Right-to-Know Law to certain documents in the possession of a private entity serving as the management agent for a municipal authority in the operation of a minor league baseball stadium.
In 1985, the Board of Commissioners of Lackawanna County formed the Multi-Purpose Stadium Authority of Lackawanna County (the "Stadium Authority" or the "Authority"), invoking the Municipality Authorities Act of 1945.
Certificate of Incorporation of Multi-Purpose Stadium Authority of Apr. 25, 1985, at 3. The Stadium Authority subsequently acquired a minor league baseball team, renamed the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons, which became affiliated with the Phillies of Major League Baseball's National League. After capital was raised via bonds and other public financing, the Authority constructed the Lackawanna County Stadium, now known as PNC Field (and hereinafter as the "Stadium"), to serve as the home field for the franchise.
From 1989 to 2006, the Authority managed all projects at the Stadium, including the day-to-day operations of the Red Barons. The Authority also entered into contracts with various food service providers for concessions at the Stadium. However, in 2006, the Phillies ended their affiliation with the Red Barons; a new one with the New York Yankees ensued; and the Red
In the same time period, the Authority consummated a management agreement with Mandalay Baseball Properties, LLC, a private entity, which vested Mandalay with the overall management and control of the day-to-day operations of the baseball club and the Stadium. Per the terms of the contract, Mandalay also assumed total responsibility for, inter alia, concessions and agreed to pay the Stadium Authority, for the duration of the agreement, the greater of $125,000 or 33.33% of the collected net income before income taxes each year.
Mandalay and the New York Yankees later formed a joint venture management company known as SWB Yankees LLC ("Appellant"), and the Stadium Authority and Appellant entered into a replacement management agreement. Under the contract, and as relevant here, Appellant became the sole and exclusive manager of all baseball operations and other entertainment activities and events conducted at the Stadium. In such functions, Appellant was made "an agent of [the Stadium Authority] for the purpose of [baseball operations and certain other activities]"; furthermore, the agreement provided that "the actions of [Appellant] taken in accordance with such authority shall bind [the Authority] and the Team." Management Agreement of Apr. 4, 2007, § 1.2(a). Appellant also was given plenary authority over, among other things, concession sales, while accepting the obligation to make reasonable and prudent expenditures relating to baseball operations. See id. In addition, Appellant was required to make a yearly payment to the Stadium Authority in an "amount equal to one-third ... of the Collected Net Income attributable to such Fiscal Year (the `Annual Payment'); provided, however, that the amount of each Annual Payment shall not be less than ... [$125,000]." Id. § 2.9 (emphasis in original).
In 2009, Appellant terminated a then-existing food service contract for concessions at the Stadium. After soliciting bids from various concessionaries and reportedly receiving competing proposals, Appellant contracted with Legends Hospitality LLC.
Shortly thereafter, Gretchen Wintermantel, a reporter for the Scranton Times Tribune (collectively "Appellees"), submitted a request to the Stadium Authority seeking "access to and copies of all names and the bids submitted to [Appellant] for a concessionaire contract at [the Stadium]." Appellees invoked the Right-to-Know Law,
65 P.S. § 67.102.
On behalf of the open-records officer, see 65 P.S. § 67.502, the Stadium Authority's solicitor denied the request, stating that the Authority did not possess such information. The solicitor recognized that the Right-to-Know Act applies to certain records in the possession of third parties, such as Appellant, as follows:
65 P.S. § 67.506(d)(1) (emphasis added). According to the solicitor, however, Appellant was not performing a governmental function on behalf of the Stadium Authority. Thus, he concluded that the information was not considered a public record of the Authority for purposes of the Law.
Appellees appealed to the Office of Open Records, taking the position that any action by Appellant as the Stadium Authority's agent is public business. See 65 P.S. § 67.1101. In response, the Authority argued that Appellant's function — baseball park management — was non-governmental, and thus, disclosure of its records under Section 506(d)(1) was not implicated. In this regard, the Authority referenced an area of the law which has evolved to determine whether contracts of a governmental entity are binding upon a successor governing body. See, e.g., Mun. Auth. of Borough of Edgeworth v. Borough of Ambridge Water Auth., 936 A.2d 538, 548 (Pa.Cmwlth.2007). In such context, a common-law distinction between "governmental" and "proprietary" functions has been employed to distinguish from ordinary contracts those particular agreements which are so intertwined with policymaking choices as to warrant the opening of an avenue for relief, so as not to impede succeeding government decision-makers. See Program Admin. Servs., Inc. v. Dauphin Cnty. Gen. Auth., 593 Pa. 184, 196, 928 A.2d 1013, 1020 (2007) (explaining that "the governmental-functions test was originally directed to bad faith efforts on the part of `lame duck' governing bodies to `handcuff' their successors"). See generally Janice C. Griffith, Local Government Contracts: Escaping from the Governmental/Proprietary Maze, 75 IOWA L.REV. 277, 299-304 (1990) (discussing the historical development of the governmental/proprietary test).
The Office of Open Records granted the appeal and directed the Authority to provide Appellees with the requested information. In her opinion, the appeals officer explained that she regarded the governmental-proprietary distinction as inapposite to the open-records arena. In this regard, she observed that, under that test, the Stadium Authority's entire purpose (i.e., owning and running a baseball park) might also be considered non-governmental, although, indisputably, the Authority is a local governmental agency. Thus, the appeals officer reasoned that "[t]he test in this case is not whether or not baseball or Stadium operations are governmental functions in a vacuum." In re Wintermantel
Id. at 6-7.
Appellant lodged an appeal in the common pleas court, see 65 P.S. § 67.1302,
In his opinion, Judge Nealon initially rejected Appellant's argument that the bids for a concessionaire contract are not "records" for purposes of the Right-to-Know Law, since Appellees' request was phrased broadly such that it might be read as subsuming intangible information. According to the court, the request was centered on written concessionaire bids, which readily qualified as "records" per the broad definition provided in the Law. See 65 P.S. § 67.102
Turning to the conception of "governmental function" as used in Section 506(d)(1), Judge Nealon observed that, "[r]egrettably," the statute does not provide a definition. SWB Yankees, No. 09 CV 3691, slip op. at 17. Nevertheless, he explained, the Municipality Authorities Act confirms that authorities operate "for the benefit of the people of this Commonwealth, for the increase of their commerce and prosperity and for the improvement of their health and living conditions." 53 Pa.C.S. § 5620. Moreover, the court highlighted, the Municipality Authorities Act authorizes the creation of authorities precisely to "perform[] essential governmental functions in effectuating these [broader] purposes." Id. (emphasis added). Indeed, it is for this very reason, the court continued, that authorities are not required to pay taxes or assessments. See id. ("Since authorities will be performing essential governmental functions
Judge Nealon recognized that, when viewed more abstractly, the term "governmental function" is subject to varying interpretations according to the context in which it might be used. Nevertheless, he rejected Appellant's invitation to import the meaning ascribed to the term in determining the contractual duties of successor governing bodies into the open-records setting. In elaborating on this conclusion, the court invoked principles of statutory construction. See, e.g., Gontarchick v. City of Pottsville, 608 Pa. 1, 6, 9 A.3d 1174, 1177 (2010) ("In light of ... material ambiguity, we refer to the tools of statutory construction, including consideration of the occasion and necessity for the statute, the object to be attained, and the consequences of a particular interpretation.") (citing, inter alia, 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c)). In this regard, the court remarked that "[t]he obvious intent of the new Right-to-Know Law is to provide broader and easier public access to records relating to the activities of government agencies and their contractors." SWB Yankees, No. 09 CV 3691, slip op. at 27.
SWB Yankees, No. 09 CV 3691, slip op. at 22 (quoting Lobolito, Inc. v. N. Pocono Sch. Dist., 562 Pa. 380, 385, 755 A.2d 1287, 1289-90 (2000)). Judge Nealon found such rationale to be very different from the aims of an open-records regime. Indeed, he expressed concern that, if courts were to impose a narrowing construction, municipal authorities could undermine the salutary purposes of the open-records law by the mere act of delegating their core functions to a private entity.
In this regard, Judge Nealon examined the previous incarnation of Pennsylvania's open-records law. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c)(5) (authorizing courts, in the face of an ambiguity, to consider "[t]he former law, if any, including other statutes upon the same or similar subjects"). He developed that such law applied to an "[a]gency," which was defined as including "any political subdivision ... or any State or municipal authority or similar organization created by or pursuant to a statute which declares in substance that such organization performs or has for its purpose the performance of an essential governmental function." 65 P.S. § 66.1(1) (repealed) (emphasis added). Judge Nealon found that this language reflected an appreciation — within the former open-records scheme itself and dovetailing with the Municipality Authorities Act — that authorities perform governmental functions. See SWB Yankees, No. 09 CV 3691, slip op. at 26.
Judge Nealon also believed the omission of the "essential" modifier from Section 506(d)(1) of the 2009 Right to Know Law was yet a further manifestation of the Legislature's desire for greater public access. Id. at 30 ("The omission of the word `essential' ... presumably reflects a legislative intent to create a broader and more liberal interpretation of the phrase `governmental function' when considering requests for records in the possession of government contractors."). See generally Panik v. Didra, 370 Pa. 488, 492, 88 A.2d 730, 732 (1952) ("Where words of a later statute differ from those of a previous one on the same subject they presumably are intended to have a different construction." (quoting Fidelity Trust Co., v. Kirk, 344 Pa. 455, 458, 25 A.2d 825, 827 (1942))). The court expressed concern, however, that application of Appellant's restrictive construction would yield less, rather than more, openness.
From a broader frame of reference, Judge Nealon indicated that the terms of the competing concessionaire contracts submitted to Appellant are matters of legitimate public interest, particularly in view of their impact on the annual payment to the Stadium Authority under the Management Agreement. In this regard, the court highlighted that the Stadium Authority owes Lackawanna County more than $13,000,000 for past indebtedness. Furthermore, the court stressed that the Authority had made Appellant its agent, with the ability to bind it. See SWB Yankees,
Having rejected the invitation to import the governmental-proprietary litmus into the open-records context, Judge Nealon looked to other jurisdictions for guidance as to the appropriate construction of Section 506(d)(1)'s "governmental function" term. In doing so, he explained that a number of them employ a "totality of factors" test to determine whether a private entity acting on behalf of a public agency is subject to the state's open records law. See, e.g., News and Sun-Sentinel Co. v. Schwab, Twitty & Hanser Architectural Group, Inc., 596 So.2d 1029, 1031 (Fla. 1992). Upon such review, the court found that it was required to undertake a fact-sensitive inquiry. At a minimum, the court reasoned that "governmental function" should encompass activities:
SWB Yankees, No. 09 CV 3691, slip op. at 31-32.
Judge Nealon had little difficulty in concluding that the confluence of such factors in the present circumstances yielded the conclusion that the services Appellant performs on the Stadium Authority's behalf constitute governmental functions. See id. at 33; see also id. at 2 ("Inasmuch as the contractor's plenary management of all events involving the Authority-owned Stadium and Triple-A Baseball team occurs on Authority property, represents a function that the Authority previously performed, serves as the sole means of revenue for the Authority and its corresponding ability to maintain the Stadium and repay its debt to the County, and affects the quality and cost of the goods and services offered to the public on the Authority's property, the work performed by the management company constitutes a `governmental function' under the Right-to-Know Law."). Furthermore, the court found that the competing bids that Appellant received for the food service contracts directly relate to those functions.
After Appellant lodged an appeal, the Commonwealth Court issued its decision in East Stroudsburg University Foundation v. OOR, 995 A.2d 496 (Pa.Cmwlth. 2010) (en banc), appeal denied, 610 Pa. 602, 20 A.3d 490 (Table) (2011), determining, in relevant part, that "all contracts that governmental entities enter into with private contractors necessarily carry out a `governmental function' [for purposes of Section 506(d)(1)] — because the government always acts as the government." Id. at 504. Judge Nealon authored a supplemental opinion under Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925(a), in which he derived additional support from the East Stroudsburg decision.
Before the Commonwealth Court, Appellant argued that the common pleas court ignored the straightforward meaning of the term governmental function; proffered an interpretation of the phrase that contravened the legislative intent underlying the new Law; and erroneously rejected the governmental-proprietary test. In developing these contentions, Appellant asserted
The intermediate court affirmed. See SWB Yankees LLC v. Wintermantel, 999 A.2d 672 (Pa.Cmwlth.2010). Its opening observations mirrored those of the common pleas court in that the Commonwealth Court drew substantial support from the understanding reflected in the Municipality Authorities Act that authorities perform "essential governmental functions," and the absence of the "essential" qualifier from the new Right-to-Know Law. See id. at 675. The court reasoned:
Wintermantel, 999 A.2d at 675. Based on these considerations, the Commonwealth Court also indicated that that the case did not involve the concerns raised by the concurring judges in East Stroudsburg, and that the requested information qualified as a "record" under the Law. See id. at 675-76.
The framework governing appellate review in matters arising under the Right-to-Know Law is presently under consideration elsewhere. See Bowling v. OOR, 609 Pa. 265, 15 A.3d 427 (2011) (per curiam). In this case, our review is limited to matters of statutory construction and, thus, is plenary. See, e.g., In re Erie Golf Course, 605 Pa. 484, 501-02, 992 A.2d 75, 85 (2010).
Presently, Appellant maintains that the Office of Open Records, Judge Nealon, and the Commonwealth Court reached an incongruous result in holding that exhibiting baseball games and selling concessions is a governmental function. In various passages, Appellant appears to recognize a need for guidance beyond the statutory term "governmental function" itself concerning exactly what was intended, but Appellant is emphatic in its position that, at the very least, "[t]his Court can and should draw [the] line at beer and hot dogs." Brief for Appellant at 9.
Appellant acknowledges that the Legislature's main goal in implementing the new Right-to-Know Law was to substantially enlarge public access to government records. Appellant, however, discerns no similar purpose with regard to third-party records, since "none of the most significant objectives of the RTKL involve or entail exposing information held by private third party contractors to public disclosure." Brief for Appellant at 32. It is Appellant's position that the General Assembly intended to create a "limited, narrowly tailored class of third party records that may properly be considered agency records under the RTKL," thus addressing a void that existed under the previous open-records law. Id. at 30.
Appellant also criticizes the prior reviewing courts' allusions to the phrase "essential governmental function," appearing in the previous open-records law, explaining that, in that statute, the Legislature merely employed the phrase in defining an agency.
Appellant also challenges the common pleas and intermediate courts' reliance upon the Municipality Authorities Act, asserting that such enactment does not pertain to third-party contractors and, in any event, cannot be read to mean that municipal authorities only perform essential governmental functions. See, e.g., Reply Brief for Appellant at 12 ("[I]t is simply incredible for [Appellees] to argue that all functions of a municipal authority must be considered governmental, so that every function delegated by a municipal authority to a private entity must necessarily be a `governmental function' under the RTKL."). In addition, Appellant argues that, were this Court to adopt the Commonwealth Court's interpretation of the term governmental function, it would chill
As to the second issue on appeal, Appellant maintains that the requested information does not fall within the definition of a record. It claims the information sought does not "document[] a transaction or activity of an agency," and was not "created, received or retained pursuant to law or in connection with a transaction, business or activity of the agency." 65 P.S. § 67.102 (emphasis added). Rather, Appellant argues, the request pertained to bids that were created by prospective subcontractors and submitted to Appellant, thereby falling outside of that definition. Accord Brief for Amicus Pa. Sch. Bds. Ass'n at 7 ("Because the requested records document only an activity of [Appellant], not the Authority, and because they were created, received or retained in connection with an activity of [Appellant], not the Authority, they are not records subject to disclosure under the RTKL.").
Amicus, the Pennsylvania Foundations Association, expresses the concern that the broad interpretation of "governmental function" reflected in the Commonwealth Court's decisions has had the effect of converting private university foundations into public entities, stripping them of features which attract private-sector donations. The Association argues:
Brief for Amicus Pa. Founds. Ass'n at 5 (emphasis in original).
Brief for Amicus Pa. Sch. Bds. Ass'n at 4.
Appellees, on the other hand, credit the common pleas and intermediate courts' analyses, emphasizing the legislative policy of providing broader access to citizens concerning information about the affairs of government. Appellees agree with Judge Nealon that the most appropriate framework for ascertaining if a private contractor is performing a governmental function is to apply a flexible "totality of factors" approach, not the government-proprietary litmus, and that the relevant factors weigh substantially in favor of public access in this case
In this same vein, amicus Pennsylvania Newspaper Association asserts that the governmental-proprietary rubric provides an unsuitable definition of a governmental function for purposes of the Right-to-Know Law. In this regard, the Association avers that adopting the common-law test would thwart the policy behind the new Law, since:
Brief for Amicus Pa. Newspaper Ass'n at 12. The Newspaper Association thus urges this Court to hold that any function that would be performed by the Stadium Authority in the absence of a third-party contract is a governmental function for purposes of the Right-to-Know Law. See id. at 9 ("[W]hen a contractor willingly steps into the shoes of a government agency, and performs functions that would otherwise be performed by a government agency, accountability must accompany the contract and it is a legitimate aspect of doing business with the government.").
Appellees also maintain that the requested information is a "record," since the Management Agreement between the Stadium Authority and Appellant documents a transaction or activity of the Authority, and the bids or proposals are "integral" to that contract. Brief for Appellees
Brief for Amicus Pa. Newspaper Ass'n at 14. Otherwise, the Newspaper Association posits, "no third party records would be public because[,] by definition, they would not be records or public records `of an agency[,]'" thereby rendering Section 506(d)(1) meaningless relative to third-party contractors. Id. at 15-16.
Having reviewed the relevant statutory scheme, the parties' arguments, and the record, we agree with the appeals officer, Judge Nealon, and the Commonwealth Court that the disclosure of any written concessionaire bids is required per Section 506(d)(1) of the Right-to-Know Law.
Initially, we find the term "governmental function," as used in this statute, to be materially ambiguous. See generally Trizechahn Gateway LLC v. Titus, 601 Pa. 637, 653, 976 A.2d 474, 483 (2009) (recognizing that an ambiguity exists when there are at least two reasonable interpretations of the text under review). In modern times, the government has undertaken to operate various commercial enterprises, such as its systems of liquor stores and lottery games. Although in ordinary parlance it may seem incongruous to couch liquor and gambling ventures as "governmental functions," they plainly are so in the sense that they are core activities assigned to and undertaken by government agencies. See 47 P.S. § 3-301 (requiring the Liquor Control Board to operate liquor stores); 72 P.S. § 3761-303(a) (tasking the Secretary of the Department of Revenue with the duty to operate and administer a state lottery).
Some municipal authorities have come to typify the phenomenon of line-blurring between public and private enterprise, with the Stadium Authority serving as an apt example. As developed above, the Authority's existence and tax exempt status are justified on the ground that it performs an "essential governmental function," 53 Pa. C.S. § 5620,
We do not see that the government's entry into areas which might more comfortably be associated with the private sector suggests diminished cause for openness. In this regard, it seems unlikely that that the Legislature would be naïve about the potential for inappropriate influences which have become a risk attending such ventures.
Moreover, the Management Agreement governing the Stadium Authority's relationship with Appellant is framed in such a way as to afford the latter "plenary" powers over a primary function of a government agency, essentially deputizing Appellant as an "agent" of the Authority, and specifically prescribing that certain of Appellant's actions "shall bind" the agency. Management Agreement § 1.2(a). In this fashion, and through the income-sharing feature of the Management Agreement, the interests of the Stadium Authority and Appellant have become closely intertwined.
In line with these observations, we agree with Appellees and their amicus that a reasonably broad construction of "governmental function" best comports with the objective of the Right-to-Know Law, which is to empower citizens by affording them access to information concerning the activities of their government. Furthermore, as ably developed by Judge Nealon, such policy is very different from that motivating the application of the governmental-proprietary distinction as it has evolved in other settings. Accordingly, and, in the absence of specific legislative guidance, we decline to infer that the General Assembly intended to transport such construct into the open-records arena merely by employing the term "governmental function." Accord Griffith, Escaping from the Governmental/Proprietary Maze, 75 IOWA L.REV. at 327 ("If courts apply the governmental/proprietary test without scrutinizing the actual interests at stake, they may import inappropriate standards[.]"). Rather, we conclude that it is the delegation of some non-ancillary undertaking of government, and not a convention-based assessment of the governmental-versus-proprietary character of the activity, that should control.
In offering this conclusion, we realize there is ambiguity in our use of the term "non-ancillary." We have chosen it here, because we do agree with Appellant and its amici that the government-always-acts-as-government overlay of the East Stroudsburg majority is too broad for purposes of Section 506. We also believe the Legislature used the "governmental" function delimiter in Section 506 to narrow the category of third-party records subject to disclosure by some measure, see 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922(2) (embodying the principle, in statutory construction, that the General Assembly "intends the entire statute to be effective and certain"), presumably on account of the burden, expense, and other impositions attending wholesale disclosure. Accord East Stroudsburg, 995 A.2d at 508 (Leadbetter, P.J., concurring) ("Surely, government agencies enter into some, if not many, contracts that do not implicate a governmental function."). While extrapolating from other jurisdictions in the open-records is difficult due to variances in the
To account for this consideration, and in the absence of a specific statutory degree-nexus, we find that the non-ancillary threshold represents an appropriate opening inroad into establishing an interpretive one. In this respect, we observe that this is the type of conception that is most amenable to further development over time in the decisional law. Notably, President Judge Leadbetter expressed this point in her concurrence in East Stroudsburg, as follows:
East Stroudsburg, 995 A.2d at 508-09 n. 4 (Leadbetter, P.J., concurring).
President Judge Leadbetter also correctly observed that Section 506 requires that the agency "has contracted to perform a governmental function...." Id. at 508 (Leadbetter, P.J., concurring) (quoting 65 P.S. § 67.506(d)(1) (emphasis added)). We read this to connote an act of delegation of some substantial facet of the agency's role and responsibilities, as opposed to entry into routine service agreements with independent contractors. Of course, in the myriad factual scenarios as they will arise in the cases going forward, courts will be confronted with many examples between the extremes.
The present circumstances, however, do not involve an independent contractor conducting some ancillary activity, nor do they lay in the boundaries. Rather, the Stadium Authority, having been formed to administer an amusement enterprise, generated substantial public indebtedness in such venture. Appellant has accepted delegation of the responsibility to operate the ball park for the public benefit as the Authority's agent. Consistent with all previous rulings in the appeal proceedings, we
We also hold that written concessionaire bids are "records" for purposes of Section 506(d)(1). On this issue, we differ with Appellant's position that the bids have "no connection whatsoever to any government agency," Brief for Appellant at 9, in light of its acceptance of the status of an agent in the performance of a primary public duty of the Stadium Authority, as reflected in the Authority's Certificate of Incorporation and in the Management Agreement. In this regard, we agree with the Newspaper Association that it would undermine the clear aim of Section 506(d)(1) — which recasts certain third-party records bearing the requisite connection to government as public records "of the [government] agency," 65 P.S. § 67.506(d)(1) — to require that that the materials actually be "of such agency" in the first instance. 65 P.S. § 67.102 (definition of "record").
While we have little doubt that the disclosure requirements pertaining to third-parties undertaking governmental functions may have bearing on their business decisions in dealing with agencies, this is within the range of considerations likely to have been taken into account in the General Assembly's open-records calculus.
The order of the Commonwealth Court is affirmed.
Justice ORIE MELVIN did not participate in the decision of this case.
Justices EAKIN, BAER, TODD and McCAFFERY join the opinion.
Chief Justice CASTILLE files a concurring opinion.
Chief Justice CASTILLE, concurring.
I concur in the decision, and join much of the reasoning, of the Majority Opinion.
I write separately to address the foundational notion, not specifically challenged by appellant, that the type of information requested here amounts to a "public record" within the purview of Section 506(d)(1) and the Right-to-Know Law. The information at issue is in the possession of a private entity and documents the transactions or activities of that private entity in conducting business with other private parties. Although appellant addresses this point only obliquely and fails to develop a specific claim premised upon it, the concern is the primary focus of the amicus curiae brief filed by the Pennsylvania School Boards Association. I address the foundational issue because recognition of the limitation in the appeal, in my view, helps to explain what otherwise might appear to be a problematic result, and may be of some benefit in the resolution of further disputes under the Right-to-Know Law.
Appellant, as the Majority relates, is a private entity and contractor for a local agency, the Multipurpose Stadium Authority of Lackawanna County (the "Authority"). The Lackawanna County Board of Commissioners created the Authority in 1985 to own and operate an amusement enterprise, specifically operations related to the sport of baseball, at PNC Field. In 2007, the Authority and appellant entered into a management contract by which they agreed that appellant would assume the Authority's management responsibilities at PNC Field. In 2009, appellant terminated the pre-existing food service contract, and sought bids for a replacement provider. Appellant accepted the bid proposal of Legends Hospitality LLC, and rejected two other bids.
Appellees filed a Right-to-Know Law request with the Authority, seeking disclosure of the names and written bids of all concessionaire candidates, on the premise that the information requested was a public record. See 65 P.S. § 67.506(d)(3) ("A request for a public record in possession of a party other than the agency shall be submitted to the open records officer of the agency."). Appellant SWB Yankees did not receive notice and was not a party
Subsequently, appellant, after receiving notice to release the documents, intervened in the action, and filed an appeal from the OOR decision to the Lackawanna County Court of Common Pleas. Appellant raised several issues, including whether it was actually performing a governmental function as defined. Additionally, appellant argued that the information requested was not a "record," as that term is defined in the Right-to-Know Law, Section 102.
The Majority construes Section 506(d)(1) of the Right-to-Know Law as a provision which recasts the information and internal records of a private entity/government contractor into public records of the governmental agency with which it has contracted. Majority Op. at 1044. The Majority states that the governing definition of a "public record" is settled in this respect, and is not the subject of dispute in the present appeal. Majority Op. at 1040 n. 13 (citing Allegheny County Dep't of Admin. Servs. v. A Second Chance, Inc., 13 A.3d 1025 (Pa.Cmwlth.2011)). Accordingly, the Majority focuses its analysis on the controversy respecting the parties' various understandings of the term "governmental function," and generally discounts appellant's secondary argument that the documents requested by appellees are not "records" subject to Section 506(d)(1) in the first instance. Id.
I agree that appellant does not pursue a specific challenge to what comprises a "public record" under the Right-to-Know Law. Nevertheless, I believe some discussion of this foundational notion is appropriate, given the likely broad impact that the Court's decision will have on government contractors and government agencies responding to record requests and the increased administrative burden that will arise as a result.
The Right-to-Know Law provides generally for the disclosure of non-exempt and non-privileged public records upon request
A "public record" is broadly defined as a "record, including a financial record, of a Commonwealth or local agency." 65 P.S. § 67.102. A "record," for the purposes of the Right-to-Know Law, is "[i]nformation, regardless of physical form or characteristics, that documents a transaction or activity of an agency and that is created, received or retained pursuant to law or in connection with a transaction, business or activity of the agency." Id. An agency includes a local agency defined as "[a]ny political subdivision, intermediate unit, charter school, cyber charter school or public trade or vocational school" or "[a]ny local, intergovernmental, regional or municipal agency, authority, council, board, commission or similar governmental entity." Id. Notably, an "agency" does not include a contractor, an agent of a local agency, or any other private entity.
Any record "in the possession" of a local agency, like the Authority, is presumed to be a "public record," and available for disclosure. 65 P.S. § 67.305(a). There is no similar presumption applicable to alleged public records that are not (or, as in this matter, never were) in the possession of the agency. The General Assembly addressed disclosure of public records not in the possession of an agency specifically, as follows:
65 P.S. § 67.506(d) ("Agency possession"). Access to the private contractor's other information is outside the scope of the Right-to-Know Law: "[n]othing" in the Right-to-Know Law "shall be construed to require access to any other record of the party in possession of the public record." 65 P.S. § 67.506(d)(2).
Similar to requests for a public record in the actual possession of the agency, a request for a "public record in possession of a party other than the agency" must be submitted to the open records officer of the relevant agency. See 65 P.S. § 67.506(d)(3); accord 65 P.S. §§ 67.502(b) ("Open-records officer"), 67.701-708 ("Procedure"). Unfortunately, the statute does not contemplate the role of a private entity. If the agency's open records officer asserts that a public record is exempt from disclosure by the Right-to-Know Law, whether the record is in the possession of the agency or of a third party, the burden of proving that the record is exempt is on the local or Commonwealth agency receiving the request. 65 P.S. § 67.708(a)(1).
In private entity cases such as this, there is a colorable argument to be made that the type of information requested should not be subject to disclosure. As a preliminary matter, I note that part of the difficulty in cases involving records exclusively in the control of private entities stems from circumstances related to the
It is unclear whether appellant considered itself limited upon intervention and on appeal by the specific issues raised by the Authority, or whether appellant granted due deference to the reasoning offered by the agency's open records officer. In any event, the open records officer's reasoning framed the dispute between appellant and appellees in subsequent phases of judicial review. Adding to this procedural difficulty, the present iteration of the Right-to-Know Law is relatively recent, constitutes a considerable departure from the previous version of the statute, and now includes the addition of the principle articulated in Section 506(d)(1). The court that interpreted Section 506(d)(1) most recently had expressly given the term "public record" little meaning, essentially reading it out of the provision. See A Second Chance, Inc., 13 A.3d at 1036-39; accord Majority Op. at 1040 n. 13. As a result, appellant's primary argument here poses a very narrow issue — that appellant does not perform a governmental function — pursuant to a distinction no court of this Commonwealth has yet to accept as valid in the context of the Right-to-Know Law. Against this background, the Majority offers a persuasive analysis of the parties' dispute regarding the phrase "governmental function."
In an appropriate case, I believe this Court should closely consider whether and/or to what extent information of a private party contracting with an agency is in fact a "public record" under the Right-to-Know Law. It is clear that the General Assembly intended Section 506(d)(1) to provide access to certain information of an agency, which happens to be in the possession of a contractor; but, it is less clear whether the General Assembly intended to recast information peculiar to the contractor as a public record of the agency. See 65 P.S. § 67.506(d) ("Agency possession"). Section 506(d)(1) defines a public record subject to disclosure, see 65 P.S. § 67.302(a), to include a "public record," which is not in the possession of the local agency but in the possession of a contractor performing a governmental function on behalf of the agency, and which directly relates to that governmental function. See 65 P.S. § 67.506(d)(1). For the first reference to a "public record" in Section 506(d)(1) to have any meaning, the term must be defined by reference to the general definition in Section 102 of the Right-to-Know Law, supra, and not in a circular fashion by reference to the second iteration of the term "public record" in Section 506(d)(1). See also 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922(1) (General Assembly does not intend result that is absurd). Moreover, the first reference to a "public record" in Section 506(d)(1) can neither be read out of the provision nor downplayed. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922(2) (General Assembly intends entire statute to be effective). The first reference to a "public record" in Section 506(d)(1) is a key normative phrase in the
The term "governmental function" is a secondary normative phrase, which further narrows information subject to disclosure of any public record in any third party's possession to those public records in the possession of a contractor that performs a governmental function on behalf of the agency whose own records are being requested. Moreover, any public record disclosed must relate "directly" to the contractor's performance of that governmental function. See 65 P.S. § 67.506(d)(1).
To the extent that Section 506(d)(1) is ambiguous, the tools of statutory construction confirm this interpretation of the provision. The title of Section 506(d) — "Agency possession" — for example, strongly suggests that the purpose of the provision is to address possession of a public record, rather than to recast private information of a private entity as a public record. This interpretation of Section 506(d) is harmonious with the general statutory scheme: thus, Sections 301(a) and 302(a) provide access to non-exempt and non-privileged local and Commonwealth agency records, in the first instance, and Sections 305(a) and 506(d)(1) address agency possession of those records. In Section 305(a), the General Assembly offers the presumption that records of a local or Commonwealth agency in the possession of those agencies shall be disclosed and, in Section 506(d)(1), further addresses the limited disclosure of public records in the possession of certain types of contractors. As a corollary to these provisions, any other information is not subject to disclosure under the Right-to-Know Law. Section 708 further narrows the types of information that may be obtained pursuant to the Right-to-Know Law by listing thirty exemptions pursuant to which an agency may deny access to a public record. See 65 P.S. § 67.708(b). The assertion that a public record is exempt from disclosure must be substantiated by the agency, which carries the burden to prove the applicability of the exemption, whether the public record is in its own possession or in the possession of a contractor. See 65 P.S. § 67.708(a)(1). Thus, even among public records, a great number are exempt from disclosure under the Right-to-Know Law.
The statute offers no indication that, while access to certain public records is restricted, information of private entities/contractors is nonetheless subject to disclosure by simple association with a governmental agency — and with limited ability by the third party to participate in the disclosure process. Indeed, Section 506(d)(2) suggests the contrary, and expressly prohibits access to the private information of governmental or agency contractors, even if that contractor is also in possession of some public record. See 65 P.S. § 67.506(d)(2). Presumably, if the intention was to make records and information of private contractors subject to broad disclosure, the General Assembly would have placed the burden to prove entitlement to an exemption on the contractor, the actual party in interest and in possession of the relevant supporting documentation. Other procedural provisions of the Right-to-Know Law also suggest that the statute targets broad disclosure of information that actually documents activities or transactions of local or Commonwealth agencies, rather than private party information deemed a public record of such an
While the driving policy behind disclosure of public records, as defined in Section 102, is to ensure transparency in the operation of government, the calculus behind mandating disclosure of information from private contractors obviously is more nuanced. Private entities have more prominent privacy and proprietary interests, have more reticence to assume the costs of any information disclosure mechanism, and have a diluted interest in vindicating the public's right to know. These competing interests are evident in the lines that the General Assembly has drawn between public records and private entity information, as well as between public records in the possession of an agency and public records in the possession of other entities. Regardless of whether broad disclosure of a contractor's private information may be salutary, I am skeptical of the notion that the General Assembly drafted the Right-to-Know Law with the intent to recast information of a private entity as a public record.
In summary, while I concur in the Majority's decision to affirm, under the constraints faced here, I do not join the Opinion insofar as it can be read to foreclose consideration of what constitutes a "public record" in relation to information of a private entity, as that term is used in Section 506(d)(1) of the Right-to-Know Law.
